Living vacuum

Yevgeny Velikhov, president of the Russian Research Centre ' Kurchatov Institute ', ' Today is the universe thinks of us with the following riddle. We do not know what it consists of a substance that we see in the Universe. This can be explained only so -called dark energy. In this case, the word ' dark ' to be understood in the sense that we do not see, do not know, do not understand.

One of the candidates for dark matter - the physical vacuum, which, as scientists say, contains all. It sounds unusual, but in some sense a vacuum and have the whole world. Physics has proven that everything we see and feel, elementary particles, all of the objects, and even you and I - it's just different states of physical vacuum, which exceeds the energy density of all the ordinary forms of matter together.

Astrophysicists space vacuum compared to the oceans, where one sees only what is on the surface, while the real processes taking place at great depth. Vacuum - a reality that occurs with some frequency. For a moment the number is about ten to forty-fourth degree.

Narrated by Arkady Galper, director of the Institute of Space Physics MiFi: ' We know a few models that would explain it, but all of these models need to be checked. These particles, which claims to be the nature of dark matter, the so-called weakly interacting particles are born in the early stages of the Universe. These particles can interact with each other, then they disappear, and then through a series of stages, they become known to us, electrons and positrons '.

There is a well-known physical experience of the lamp, which flashes at regular intervals. Two instruments that have the same frequency on and off, will show different results: one unit will light all the time off, and another lamp, on the contrary, all the time to shine. Physicists believe that anything that seems continuous, actually vibrates and fluctuates. According to recent studies, it is from the physical vacuum as a result of perturbations generated space and time. With the vacuum bound and puzzling phenomena such as the mole hole - a bridge between worlds.

Says Anatoly Cherepashchuk, director of the National Astronomical Institute of the Sternberg: ... Of course, we need a very powerful engines, because there is a strong gravitational field. But it is possible to create conditions in order to sneak back and forth. Wormholes in the initial stage of formation of the universe could have formed from the vacuum '.

Continues Igor Novikov, deputy director of the Astro Space Center of Lebedev Physical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences: ... These structures ( wormhole ) appeared at a time when the universe was born, and only began to expand. Then the space was very twisted and boiled, is dynamically changed '.
Along with the expansion of the universe grows and the vacuum energy. The energy density is constant, which is possible only if the vacuum pressure is negative. This and many other mysteries of the vacuum astrophysicists have yet to unravel.

interview.

Kulakovskaya: Hello, dear listeners! . Subject is difficult, but try to understand what it is, you can. We are used to represent the vacuum as empty space, that is, the space in which there is no particle. But according to quantum theory, a vacuum - it is not empty. This set of virtual particles that constantly emerge and disappear, then there is a vacuum at all times ' breathing ', or vary.
What is this structure that science is not yet known. But scientists believe the research vacuum, experiments are currently underway in accelerators, in the future will completely change our understanding of the universe. What is a vacuum, dark matter, or lack thereof? . Rostislav Feofanovich, hello.
Polishchuk: Hello, Mary.
Kulakovskaya: Rostislav Feofanovich, please explain what a vacuum? .
Polishchuk: All physics in a sense, physics is the vacuum. At the time of peace portrayed as Democritus atomic void. It turns out that the so-called empty - it's all. It is forbidden by quantum mechanics. Atoms - as if some bubbles in champagne, relatively speaking. All elementary particles that make up atoms - a quantum of excitation of physical vacuum. The law of conservation of mass energy for a set of vacuum and matter. During the Big Bang, almost all of the vacuum energy has given its mass of matter, which was born out of our metagalaxy.
Kulakovskaya: Rostislav Feofanovich and dark energy, which, according to recent data, up to 95 percent of matter in the universe - is also a vacuum?.
Polishchuk: Yes, because the vacuum can not be empty. It is forbidden by quantum mechanics, because the zero field with zero momentum of its development is contrary to the principle of uncertainty. Geometric void is prohibited. The substance of which is metagalaxy. It is approximately 100 billion galaxies with 100 billion stars in each. This vacuum has given almost all her energy, but it is the equation of state, that ordinary matter and light thinning, and a vacuum is constant.
Here we have to reconsider the concept of mass and energy. They are not as they seem for the first time. It's not just the ability to produce work. If we pushed the stone out of matter and antimatter, there would be a monstrous explosion, and we would see that the stone - a compressed energy that only you should be able to extract. The man knows how to break up a very heavy atoms like uranium ( atomic bomb ) or very easy to push. Now they want to light the artificial sun - make a fusion reaction that occurs in the Sun.
The conservation law holds for a set of vacuum and matter. It's just a shift of the vacuum. It turns out he microgranular: there are no points, there are extra dimensions. Space and time are eleven. Only three measurements dekompaktifitsirovalis, that is, acquired microscopic. In grains of space is a compact dimension. There is a theory of strings: those strings as it were, wound many times. It turns out that in string cosmology, there exists a T-duality, which implies the equivalent of an infinitely large and infinitely small size. That is, review the concept of length.
We can see that what we consider absolute values ​​, in fact, things are relative, and they are completely transformed from a new point of view, as a special case, as a kind of visibility. This is so impressed by Einstein, that he felt a sense of cosmic awe of the beauty of the universe, and called her a sense of cosmic religious feeling. By this he meant the religious enthusiasm and admiration for the strength of the human mind, the one capable of knowing.
Kulakovskaya: The universe as we know, is expanding. Does this mean that the vacuum it gets bigger? .
Polishchuk: The fact that it expands, it is not surprising. Dynamics - is a law of general. How did the universe? . That is, the two events did not know that between the time they are separated by a space. Therefore, survived the most homogeneous, so-called de Sitter metric, which can be represented as a four- Plank hyperboloid embedded in five-dimensional world of Minkowski.
Tunnel transition we moved into this state. We do not know what it was before that time itself was not, when there was such an annihilation of winding strings of different, and so-called topological went out of fashion. First there was light, but light is weakened as the fourth power of size. Light particles collided and gave birth to a particle with rest mass: electrons, positrons, nucleons, antinucleons. They are weakened as the size of the third degree, because the volume increases as the third degree. And the radiation-dominated stage has been replaced by a real- dominated.
The equation of state of vacuum pressure is equal in absolute value of the mass density of negative energy, that is, acts as a repulsion. There is a kind antigravity. Therefore, the rest of the substance, which appeared in the Big Bang, is weakening, and again, as five billion years ago, the vacuum whose density is constant, is determining the dynamics of the Universe. Today it is about 70 percent of the mass energy of our universe.
There are still about 25 percent of the so-called dark matter, which is in contrast to the uniform vacuum. She, too, are grouped in clusters around galaxies and clusters of galaxies. This is visible only a small part, and even five per cent of the visible part of only one-tenth, that is, half a percentage point - is the visible stars. This is the tip of the iceberg. But we can determine the dynamics of these galaxies, there are still some dark mass, which manifests itself only gravitationally. And observational cosmology gives us these options: what is unseen matter and energy is invisible.
The vacuum can not be zero, it is forbidden by quantum mechanics. What will happen next, we do not know. There is a rapid expansion, and the world is expanding only in the system, which is accompanied by a substance that has arisen after the Big Bang. In the de Sitter metric is also a section where the space is not three dimensional, not flat four-dimensional space-time false constant curvature. These three-dimensional space is a three-dimensional sphere, which also extended over time. There is also need to talk about the concept of the reference system. Visible galaxies correspond to one frame, and the de Sitter metric in its essence is best suited another, geodesically complete system.
Then its a purely thematic things that allow us to more deeply understand the geometry of space and time that we see around. All astronomy - a shift from the visible picture of what lies behind it. We see a distant quasar. The light from it came to us ten billion years ago, and we do not know what it is now.
Kulakovskaya: Himself quasar not?.
Polishchuk: We need to move on to assessing the current state of the universe, based on the visible picture. Therefore, the increasing role played by speculation. Even string theory is not all admit, though she made a major breakthrough. In Einstein one hundred years ago there was a view that the measure - a point event. But the point is not resisting the fact that you build one, and if there is some string with its principles of self-organization.
Generally speaking, you have a constructor of simple parts, and you have to build one. This extremum principle, ie a state with minimal energy is more likely than more. You can not build peace and the building of an entirely different bricks that do not fit each other. Something does not organize itself, not symmetrized. But it turns out that the very foundation arranged a surprisingly simple and nice. This is the premise of an infinite variety of our world. Just as on Earth, we have a common genetic code of all living things, so we build the body of carnivorous plants and foods that consume.
We see what a monstrous variety around: all the ecological niches occupied by the Earth: the air, and land. Now they say also that, under the ground at a depth of several kilometers there is a bacterial form of life, not less powerful by weight than the ground. Life is - surprisingly tenacious thing, and is almost infinite variety is possible only if the fundamental simplicity of the elements, all of which is. Vacuum - this is the background that gave rise to this variety.
Kulakovskaya: Rostislav Feofanovich, but knowledge of the vacuum can lead to a change in personality traits, and even the device of the brain?.
Polishchuk: The Man, indeed, not only space but also the essence of the quantum level to the macroscopic. He seems to connect the micro-, macro-and mega-level. There is a polarization of male and female self-correction of biological, hereditary code, there is a polarization of the spiritual worldview of self-correction for the spiritual development of mankind. There are two poles. Man lives at the North Pole difficulties, and therefore able to understand the fundamental simplicity of structure of the universe. There is here the identity. The man - a feature universal: it is, living in time, live by the laws of the fact that the above time.
Elementary particles - on the other end of extreme simplicity. In elementary particle has no memory, whereas the essence of man - it is in memory. We're talking or listening to music, and being - to some extent, the music, it makes sense. Only when we remember all that was made, anticipating what is to sound. That is, the man sets goals, creates new opportunities, rather than simply chooses imposed. That's the way human life.
In addition to polarity, and began to ease, complexity and daunting, there is a profound unity of their. Man realizes this unity of the whole picture of the world. And that it is beautiful, and perhaps even scary. A man - a creature that is due to its development may overstep limits. Animal behavior is limited by their instincts, and the man is more free. But people still understand that the most important thing - be a man.
Kulakovskaya: That is, the man - being scary and complicated?.
Polishchuk: a double. He created it - the great thing. Language of Heidegger - a house being. But then people got so carried away tongue that detached from reality. Sophists and the lawyers know the art of rhetoric, able to prove and convince the. By manipulating the mind is not very intellectually advanced students, they prove the correctness of those who paid more. It is a disease. Science does not operate assurances as indoctrination ' buy ', ' vote ', and is based on firmly established facts, obtained by it in the long struggle for scientific truth. Therefore, it is never sobesh, and the only problem is that in society it is not enough demand.
When the power problems could be foreseen, awaiting the Soviet Union, was created by the Institute of Applied Mathematics, to understand what lies ahead. In the mid-eighties was issued forecast: a high probability that the Soviet Union fall apart in 1991. That is, it is possible to model social processes. To understand the fate of Russia, one must understand the laws of motion of global capital, and then we can really appreciate the possibilities of our country.
The evolution equation of the conditional information (equation Chernavskii ) equally describes and ethnogenesis, and the development of class struggle and political systems and the emergence of drug trafficking and trade, and distribution of money. That is, a lot. There are universal methods with varying degrees of accuracy can be predictive of different processes, finding this fundamental simplicity that lies at the heart of our existence. Without this background it is difficult to treat people properly and professionally to the evaluation of everything around him, and to the assessment itself.
Kulakovskaya: Why do we need studies of vacuum? .
Polishchuk: The Man - a cosmic being, born under the law of outer space space. Space - this is our big house. Andrei Sakharov has introduced a special term - Astroparticle Physics. In order to understand the structure of the macrocosm, we must understand the structure of the quantum foundation of the world in which we see that the concept of space, time and matter are not the primary.
To resolve the contradictions that exist today, we must turn to the basics. This is an internal need and requirement of syllogistic. It turns out that the foundation of our world is not Aristotelian logic, and quantum, which is born of ordinary logic, familiar to us. We need to know where the limits of applicability of the concepts that we live in, because we are accustomed to asking questions of the past, waiting for the latest answers. And there are even required by certain sectors of society dogmatic religion such as Buddhism.
Science goes on. It shows even the necessity of becoming dogmatic phase of human development, but surpasses it, and every break in the exact sciences profoundly changes the whole picture of the world. Everything is subjected to a fundamental reappraisal. For example, we know that there was a time when there was no time. We can say that the world - is a hierarchy of moments, and in space there is only one moment of cosmic. There is a horizon: the time in the beginning, when we can say something about the world, and the time at the end, beyond which we do not yet know what will happen to our world.
Because people - a cosmic being, then it is very important to understand the structure of the cosmos and our place in it. This amazing space is arranged beautifully and simply, but to get to this simplicity is required in the assault on the mysteries of nature through the centuries and millennia. We climb to the top of some that are hard to climb, but then we see as the palm. That's the beauty of scientific knowledge.
There are things that require the solidarity of mankind. For example, to build a very powerful telescopes, bring them into orbit? . ed. ), So push them to split up and look inside.
Kulakovskaya: Yes, it Collider.
Polishchuk: Thanks to the work of the Large Hadron Collider, which began last year, it is hoped to open the Higgs bosons, the mechanisms of acquisition of the rest masses. Were initially massless particles, which have the status light. When they begin to oscillate back and forth with the speed of light, they have a kind of time line with a nonzero mass. That is, we review the concepts of mass, length and time, and see how the usual space -time is born of the world, from which we are made. We are on the verge of revising the old world view and picture the old man and mankind. We must be ready, because there are fewer illusions, but we are more potent.
Kulakovskaya: Thank you, Rostislav Feofanovich for an interesting conversation. I remind you that in our studio was Rostislav Polischuk, a theoretical physicist, a member of the Lebedev Physical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences.







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